South Africa and Spain used legal and diplomatic tools. Their records show choices available to governments.
Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Italy, France, the Czech Republic and Austria. Follow material support, diplomatic opposition and court cooperation.
Explore country records ↗Explore twelve phases of reported harm alongside the officials in office, the measures available and the decisions actually recorded.
Explore the accountability gap ↗South Africa instituted proceedings under the Genocide Convention in December 2023 and sought provisional protection for Palestinians in Gaza.
The court’s orders are distinct from the applicant’s allegations. S14–S17
Read the legal milestones ↗Spain recognised Palestine, intervened in the ICJ case and approved legislation restricting military trade. Scope, implementation and exceptions remain important.
Read the policy milestones ↗United States: Selected records show approval of a major possible military sale, a Security Council veto and, under the next administration, sanctions directed at international justice personnel. The archive identifies which administration took each action and separates authorisation from delivery. [S19, S29, S32]
United Kingdom: Public solidarity in October 2023 was followed by a partial export suspension, sanctions on two ministers and recognition of Palestine. The scope, timing and exceptions matter when evaluating the government's response. [S13, S30–S31, S35, S38]
Germany: Statements of solidarity were followed by a Gaza-related export restriction in August 2025 and its announced reversal in November. The archive records both moves. [S12, S36, S40]
South Africa: Its central contribution in this collection is instituting Genocide Convention proceedings and seeking judicial protection. The court's orders are recorded separately from South Africa's allegations. [S14–S17]
Spain: Recognition of Palestine, intervention in the ICJ case and legislation restricting military trade demonstrate several distinct policy tools. Announcements, laws and exceptions are identified separately. [S18, S28, S37, S39]
Explore all decisions ↗Write a personal letter, share a source or support humanitarian relief.
Choose an action ↗